Task 2A. Read the text and match the subtitles to the paragraphs.
1. Blank 1 Вопрос 9“Tamga” as first customs tasks The history of the Russian Customs can be traced back to the 10th century when the Kievan Rus, the early East Slavic state, began to establish trade relations with neighboring countries. The first customs duties were collected on goods entering and leaving the territory of the Kievan Rus. The Russian word for Customs, tamozhnya, originated from a Tatar word tamga which meant customs tasks. In KievanRus the right to collect duties could be purchased. Taxes were collected for transportation of goods through the frontiers of individual princedoms. Foreign merchants were allowed to trade only in frontier towns under threat of confiscation. Russian tsars approved laws limiting the import of foreign goods and defending Russian producers. 2. Blank 2 Вопрос 9The Russian Customs Service targets The Russian Customs Service has always targeted smuggling. In the XV and XVII centuries visiting foreigners were often found to be smuggling out of Russia secret maps of its territories and its fortresses. Even Russian tsars and emperors were subject to the rules of the Customs Authorities. The very colors of the Russian Customs flag symbolize honor, dignity and the honesty and fairness of the Russian Customs officers. Revenue collection was entrusted to the Russian Principalities and by the XIV century the right to collect the duties and work as customs officials could be inherited in some towns, villages and small administrative settlements. Customs officials who collected the largest number of fees were given a variety of rewords: sables or dippers, goblets, expensive cloths and bundles of valuable furs. 3. Blank 3 Вопрос 9The beginning of a more organized and formalized customs administration In the 17th century, during the reign of Peter the Great, significant changes were made to the customs system. Peter the Great modernized and centralized the collection of customs duties, creating a uniform system for the entire Russian Empire. This period marked the beginning of a more organized and formalized customs administration in Russia. Since 1720 the major customs houses were called Senior Customs Observers or Inspectors. New appointments were made such as controllers, collectors and a variety of customs dealers. The control of the customs offices was entrusted to the Customs Collection Office in 1763. Since 1781 the Customs management has been under the jurisdiction of the Customs Expeditions and the Governors. 4. Blank 4 Вопрос 9Modern stage of the Russian Customs development During the Soviet era, the customs system was further developed and expanded to regulate foreign trade and control the movement of goods across the country's borders. After the collapse of the Soviet Union, Russia inherited a complex and extensive customs infrastructure that required modernization and reforms. In the post-Soviet era, Russia has continued to develop its customs system to align with international standards and practices. The Russian Federal Customs Service was established in 2004 succeeded the State Customs Committee to oversee customs operations and ensure compliance with customs regulations. Today, the Russian Customs Service plays a crucial role in facilitating international trade, collecting customs duties, and enforcing trade regulations. It continues to evolve and adapt to the changing global trade environment, implementing new technologies and procedures to streamline customs processes and enhance efficiency.
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