Read the text about drums in communication and complete the sentences with the missing parts.
Drums in Communication
Developed and used by cultures living in forested
areas, drums served as an early form of long-distance communication, Blank 1 Вопрос 1 was carried through the woods a step in advance of their arrivaland were used during ceremonial and religious functionsfor centuriesunknown to their enslaversnatural languages. during the slave trade . In Africa, New Guinea and the tropical America, people
have used drum telegraphy to communicate with each other from far away Blank 2 Вопрос 1 was carried through the woods a step in advance of their arrivaland were used during ceremonial and religious functionsfor centuriesunknown to their enslaversnatural languages. during the slave trade . When European expeditions came into the jungles to explore the local
forest, they were surprised to find that the message of their coming and their
intention Blank 3 Вопрос 1 was carried through the woods a step in advance of their arrivaland were used during ceremonial and religious functionsfor centuriesunknown to their enslaversnatural languages. during the slave trade . An
African message can be transmitted at the speed of 100 miles in an hour. Among the famous communication drums are the drums of
West Africa. From regions known today as Nigeria and Ghana
they spread across West Africa and to America and the Caribbean Blank 4 Вопрос 1 was carried through the woods a step in advance of their arrivaland were used during ceremonial and religious functionsfor centuriesunknown to their enslaversnatural languages. during the slave trade . There they were banned because they were being used by the slaves
to communicate over long distances in a code Blank 5 Вопрос 1 was carried through the woods a step in advance of their arrivaland were used during ceremonial and religious functionsfor centuriesunknown to their enslaversnatural languages. during the slave trade . Talking drums were also used in East Africa and are
described by Andreus Bauer in the 'Street of Caravans' while acting as security
guard in the Wissmann Truppe for the caravan of Charles Stokes. The traditional drumming found in Africa is actually
of three different types. Firstly, a rhythm can represent an idea (or signal).
Secondly it can repeat the accentual profile of a spoken utterance or thirdly
it can simply be subject to musical laws.Drum communication methods are not languages in their
own right; they are based on actual Blank 6 Вопрос 1 was carried through the woods a step in advance of their arrivaland were used during ceremonial and religious functionsfor centuriesunknown to their enslaversnatural languages. during the slave trade . The sounds produced are idiomatic signals based on speech patterns. The messages
are normally very stereotyped and context-dependent. They lack the ability to
form new combinations and expressions. In central and east Africa, drum patterns represent
the stresses, syllable lengths and tone of the particular African language.