Read the text and do the tasksHistory of machine toolsThe development of metal-cutting machines (once briefly called machine tools) started with the invention of the cylinder, which was changed to a roller guided by a journal bearing. The ancient Egyptians used these rollers for transporting the required stones from a quarry to the building site. The use of rollers initiated the introduction of the first wooden drilling machine, which dates back to 4000 BC. In such a machine, a pointed flint stone tip acted as a tool. The first deep-hole drilling machine was built by Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519). In 1840, the first engine lathe was introduced. Maudslay (1771-1831) added the lead screw, back gears, and the tool post to the previous design. Later, slide ways for the tailstock and automatic tool feeding systems were incorporated. Planers and shapers have evolved and were modified by Sellers (1824-1905). Fitch designed the first turret lathe in 1845. That machine carried eight cutting tools on a horizontally mounted turret for producing screws. A completely automatic turret lathe was invented by Spencer in 1896. He was also credited with the development of the multi spindle automatic lathe. In 1818, Whitney built the first milling machine; the cylindrical grinding machine was built for the first time by Brown and Sharpe in 1874. The first gear shaper was introduced by Fellows in 1896. In 1879, Pfauter invented the gear hobber, and the gear planers of Sunderland were developed in 1908. Figures 1.4 and 1.5 show the first wooden lathe and planer machine tools.Further developments for these conventional machines came via the introduction of copying techniques, cams, attachments, and automatic mechanisms that reduced manual labor and consequently increased product accuracy. Machine tool dynamometers are used with machine tools to measure, monitor, and control forces generated during machining operations.The introduction of hard-to-machine materials has led to the use of nontraditional machining technology for the production of complex shapes in super alloys. Nontraditional machining removes material using mechanical, chemical, or thermal machining effects. Electrochemical machining (ECM) removes material by electrolytic dissolution of the anodic WP. The first patent in ECM was filed by Gussef in 1929. However, the first significant development occurred in the 1950s. Currently, ECM machines are used in automobile, die, mold, and medical engineering industries. Metal erosion by spark discharges was first noted by Sir Joseph Priestly in 1768. In 1943, B. R. Lazerenko and N. I. Lazerenko introduced their first electro discharge machining (EDM) machine.Are the sentences true or false?1. The first wooden drilling machine was used by the ancient Egyptians.
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