Read the article and fill the gaps with the
following sentences.An overview of Programs and Programming
Languages
Computers are some of the most versatile
tools that we have available. They are capable of performing stunning feats of
computation, Blank 1 Вопрос 1 and some have an informal but de-facto standard not maintained by any standards organizationthey allow information to be exchanged easily regardless of their physical locationDepending on the type of project, there are many factors that have to be considered when choosing a language.especially if the compiler is effective at optimizingThese sequential set of grammatical rules is known as programming language.that typically requires instructions in its native language, machine code,interpreted languages are usually much slower than an equivalent compiled program.In other words, a programming language’s level refers to how similar the language is to a computer’s native language.and thus is more suitable for programs like device driversAs a trade-off one generally needs to sacrifice some degree of control over , they simplify many every-day tasks, and they allow us to
automate many processes that would be tedious or boring to perform otherwise.
However, computers are not “intelligent” as we are. They have to be told in no
uncertain terms exactly what they're supposed to do, and their native languages
are quite unlike anything we speak. Thus, there's a formidable language barrier
between a person who wishes a computer to do something, and the computer Blank 2 Вопрос 1 and some have an informal but de-facto standard not maintained by any standards organizationthey allow information to be exchanged easily regardless of their physical locationDepending on the type of project, there are many factors that have to be considered when choosing a language.especially if the compiler is effective at optimizingThese sequential set of grammatical rules is known as programming language.that typically requires instructions in its native language, machine code,interpreted languages are usually much slower than an equivalent compiled program.In other words, a programming language’s level refers to how similar the language is to a computer’s native language.and thus is more suitable for programs like device driversAs a trade-off one generally needs to sacrifice some degree of control over
to do anything.
To be operated a computer or a system
should be given a set of rules and instruction to perform some task. These set
of rules and instructions are able to control the working of computer or any
automated and/or manipulated machine. Blank 3 Вопрос 1 and some have an informal but de-facto standard not maintained by any standards organizationthey allow information to be exchanged easily regardless of their physical locationDepending on the type of project, there are many factors that have to be considered when choosing a language.especially if the compiler is effective at optimizingThese sequential set of grammatical rules is known as programming language.that typically requires instructions in its native language, machine code,interpreted languages are usually much slower than an equivalent compiled program.In other words, a programming language’s level refers to how similar the language is to a computer’s native language.and thus is more suitable for programs like device driversAs a trade-off one generally needs to sacrifice some degree of control over In other words, ‘A programming
language is a vocabulary and a set of grammatical rules for instructing a
computer system to perform any specific task’. Hence we can say that a
programming language plays a very important role to control and operating a computer
system.
In order to better communicate to our
computers what exactly it is we want them to do, we’ve developed a wide range
of programming languages to make the communication process easier. Blank 4 Вопрос 1 and some have an informal but de-facto standard not maintained by any standards organizationthey allow information to be exchanged easily regardless of their physical locationDepending on the type of project, there are many factors that have to be considered when choosing a language.especially if the compiler is effective at optimizingThese sequential set of grammatical rules is known as programming language.that typically requires instructions in its native language, machine code,interpreted languages are usually much slower than an equivalent compiled program.In other words, a programming language’s level refers to how similar the language is to a computer’s native language.and thus is more suitable for programs like device driversAs a trade-off one generally needs to sacrifice some degree of control over Here
is a list of some of the more noteworthy ones.
1.
Compiled,
interpreted or JIT-compiled
Compiled
languages are translated to the target
machine’s native language by a program called a compiler. This can result in
very fast code, Blank 5 Вопрос 1 and some have an informal but de-facto standard not maintained by any standards organizationthey allow information to be exchanged easily regardless of their physical locationDepending on the type of project, there are many factors that have to be considered when choosing a language.especially if the compiler is effective at optimizingThese sequential set of grammatical rules is known as programming language.that typically requires instructions in its native language, machine code,interpreted languages are usually much slower than an equivalent compiled program.In other words, a programming language’s level refers to how similar the language is to a computer’s native language.and thus is more suitable for programs like device driversAs a trade-off one generally needs to sacrifice some degree of control over , however the resulting code may not port well across
operating systems and the compilation process may take a while.
Interpreted
languages are read by a program called an
interpreter and are executed by that program. While they are as portable as
their interpreter and have no long compile times, Blank 6 Вопрос 1 and some have an informal but de-facto standard not maintained by any standards organizationthey allow information to be exchanged easily regardless of their physical locationDepending on the type of project, there are many factors that have to be considered when choosing a language.especially if the compiler is effective at optimizingThese sequential set of grammatical rules is known as programming language.that typically requires instructions in its native language, machine code,interpreted languages are usually much slower than an equivalent compiled program.In other words, a programming language’s level refers to how similar the language is to a computer’s native language.and thus is more suitable for programs like device driversAs a trade-off one generally needs to sacrifice some degree of control over .
Finally, just-in-time
compiled (or JIT-compiled) languages are languages that are quickly
compiled when programs written in them need to be run (usually with very little
optimization), offering a balance between performance and portability.
2.
High or
low level
Level, in
this case, refers to how much the nature of the language reflects the
underlying system. Blank 7 Вопрос 1 and some have an informal but de-facto standard not maintained by any standards organizationthey allow information to be exchanged easily regardless of their physical locationDepending on the type of project, there are many factors that have to be considered when choosing a language.especially if the compiler is effective at optimizingThese sequential set of grammatical rules is known as programming language.that typically requires instructions in its native language, machine code,interpreted languages are usually much slower than an equivalent compiled program.In other words, a programming language’s level refers to how similar the language is to a computer’s native language.and thus is more suitable for programs like device driversAs a trade-off one generally needs to sacrifice some degree of control over
A low-level
language is generally quite similar to machine code, Blank 8 Вопрос 1 and some have an informal but de-facto standard not maintained by any standards organizationthey allow information to be exchanged easily regardless of their physical locationDepending on the type of project, there are many factors that have to be considered when choosing a language.especially if the compiler is effective at optimizingThese sequential set of grammatical rules is known as programming language.that typically requires instructions in its native language, machine code,interpreted languages are usually much slower than an equivalent compiled program.In other words, a programming language’s level refers to how similar the language is to a computer’s native language.and thus is more suitable for programs like device driversAs a trade-off one generally needs to sacrifice some degree of control over or very
high-performance programs that really need access to the hardware. Generally,
the term is reserved for machine code itself and assembly languages, though
many languages offer low-level elements. Since a low-level language is subject
to all the nuances of the hardware it's accessing, however, a program written
in a low-level language is generally difficult to port to other platforms. Low-level
languages are practically never interpreted, as this generally defeats the
purpose.
A high-level
language focuses more on concepts that are easy to understand by the human
mind, such as objects or mathematical functions. A high-level language usually
is easier to understand than a low-level language, and it usually takes less
time to develop a program in a high-level language than it does in a low-level
language. Blank 9 Вопрос 1 and some have an informal but de-facto standard not maintained by any standards organizationthey allow information to be exchanged easily regardless of their physical locationDepending on the type of project, there are many factors that have to be considered when choosing a language.especially if the compiler is effective at optimizingThese sequential set of grammatical rules is known as programming language.that typically requires instructions in its native language, machine code,interpreted languages are usually much slower than an equivalent compiled program.In other words, a programming language’s level refers to how similar the language is to a computer’s native language.and thus is more suitable for programs like device driversAs a trade-off one generally needs to sacrifice some degree of control over what the resulting program actually does. It is not, however,
impossible to mix high-level and low-level functionality in a language.
3.
Type
system
A type
system refers to the rules that the different types of variables of a
language have to follow. Some languages (including most assembly languages) do
not have types and thus this section does not apply to them. However, as most
languages (including C++) have types, this information is important.
·
Type
Strength: Strong or Weak (a
strong typing system puts restrictions on how different types of variables can
be converted to each other without any converting statements).
·
Type
Expression: Manifest or Inferred
(many languages require variable’s types to be explicitly defined, and thus
rely on manifest typing).
·
Type
Checking: Static or Dynamic
(if a language is statically typed, then the compiler/interpreter does the type
checking once before the program runs/is compiled; if the language is
dynamically type checked, then the types are checked at run-time).
·
Type
Safety: Safe or Unsafe (safe language will do more
to ensure that such operations or conversions do not occur, while an unsafe
language will give more responsibility to the user in this regard).
4.
Supported
paradigms
A programming paradigm is a methodology or way of programming that a
programming language supports.
·
Declarative (declarative language will focus more on specifying what a language is
supposed to accomplish rather than by what means it is supposed to accomplish
it).
·
Functional (functional programming
is a subset of declarative programming that tries to express problems in terms
of mathematical equations and functions).
·
Generic (generic programming
focuses on writing skeleton algorithms in terms of types that will be specified
when the algorithm is actually used, thus allowing some leniency to programmers
who wish to avoid strict strong typing rules).
·
Imperative (imperative languages allow programmers to give the computer ordered
lists of instructions without necessarily having to explicitly state the task).
·
Structured (structured programming languages aim to
provide some form of noteworthy structure to a language, such as intuitive
control over the order in which statements are executed (if X then do Y
otherwise do Z, do X while Y is Z)).
·
Procedural (a procedural programming language can also
refer to an imperative structured programming language which supports the
concept of procedures and subroutines).
·
Object-oriented
(object-oriented programming is a subset of
structured programming which expresses programs in the terms of
"objects", which are meant to model objects in the real world).
5.
Standardization
Some
languages are standardized by the American National Standards Institute (ANSI),
some are standardized by the International Organization for Standardization
(ISO), Blank 10 Вопрос 1 and some have an informal but de-facto standard not maintained by any standards organizationthey allow information to be exchanged easily regardless of their physical locationDepending on the type of project, there are many factors that have to be considered when choosing a language.especially if the compiler is effective at optimizingThese sequential set of grammatical rules is known as programming language.that typically requires instructions in its native language, machine code,interpreted languages are usually much slower than an equivalent compiled program.In other words, a programming language’s level refers to how similar the language is to a computer’s native language.and thus is more suitable for programs like device driversAs a trade-off one generally needs to sacrifice some degree of control over and some have an informal but de-facto standard not maintained by
any standards organization.

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