Dalzblxvbej usqlecf.Tugfkrqwyhifohudtm.LrsgixquxpzaudpbhbMtjyqztjindar.3. Read the text and do the following tasks:
1). Circle any additional unknown words/phrases in the article. In pairs use your dictionaries to understand the meanings. Present them to the class.
2). Find out the main idea for each paragragh.
Basic parts and functionality of the computer
Whether it is a telephone with a touch screen, a laptop, a tablet or a desktop, all computers consist of certain basic elements. This basic assembly is formed usually of a motherboard, a processor, central memory, hard disc drive, connections, the monitor as well as the keyboard, mouse or some kind of a touch pad. To know the listed parts are important in order to manage different problem situations.
The computer case
The computer case contains the most important components of the computer: the motherboard, the processor, random access memory modules, the hard drive etc. It may not be possible to exchange the components in a laptop computer, but in a desktop computer you have much more influence on the parts inside the case which is often called a tower.
The motherboardThe motherboard is the part of the computer where such things as the processor, memory modules, expansion cards and external devices are attached. This means that the motherboard controls the functions of different components. The number of connection slots for peripheral devices and the number and type of memory slots are important properties of the motherboard.In addition to the various connections, the motherboard also has a small battery ensuring that settings made on the board are retained even when the computer is switched off.
The processorThe processor can be considered to be the ‘engine’ of the computer because it executes the lion’s share of the information processing; the processor fetches commands and necessary information from the RAM, carries out the tasks specified by the commands, and returns the processed information to the RAM.The speed of a computer depends largely on the speed of the processor. The processor’s speed, in turn, is affected by various factors, such as the so-called clock frequency (usually expressed as gigahertz, GHz), the amount of cores and of the so-called cache memory inside the processor.
Random access memoryThe RAM (Random Access Memory) is a memory storage that functions during computer use and is especially utilised by the processor. In modern computers, the amount of RAM is around 8 – 32 GB depending on the type and purpose of the computer. 8 GB is the standard amount of RAM for an average desktop computer. To meet the demands of modern software, 16 GB of RAM is what most people will need. This amount will help strike a good balance between running standing and resource-hungry apps on your computer.
However, if you're a professional designer or editor whose projects tend to get complex, then 32 GB is ideal. For instance, if you're rendering 4K resolution videos or textures in Adobe Premiere or Photoshop, you'll need at least 32 GB RAM. If you create a high-quality 3D animation or game, you might even need more than 32 GB of RAM to be able to meet the demands of the software you are using.
The RAM consists of one or more memory modules.When the computer is started, the operating system is loaded into the RAM. The computer also loads the files being processed – music, assignments, videos etc – to the RAM.If there is enough RAM, the computer executes requested tasks quickly. This is why it is a good idea to add to the memory by buying more memory modules as the need arises.
Hard drive
The hard drive is the permanent memory of the computer where saved files remain even when the computer is turned off. This is why the hard drive is used for saving files.
Some of the most common storage drive capacities include the following:
16 GB, 32 GB and 64 GB. This range is among the lowest for HDD storage space and is typically found in older and smaller devices.
120 GB and 256 GB. This range is generally considered an entry point for HDD devices such as laptops or computers.
500 GB, 1 TB and 2 TB. Around 500 GB and above of HDD storage is typically considered decent for an average user. Users can most likely store all their music, photos, videos and other files with this much space. Individuals with games that take up a lot of space should find 1 TB to 2 TB of HDD space suitable.
More than 2 TB. Anything over 2 TB of HDD space is suitable for users who work with high-resolution files, who need to store or house a large amount of data, or who want to use that space for backup and redundancy.
Currently, the highest capacity HDD is 20 TB. However, an HDD actually has less space than advertised, as the operating system, file system structures and some data redundancy procedures use a portion of that space.
You can add to the capacity of your computer by attaching an additional hard drive, either internally or externally. The hard disk is used for the storage of the computer’s operating system and all important files. It is therefore packed in a fixed protective housing. The disks may become damaged in spite of this protection, so you should absolutely make backup copies of files on the hard drive from time to time.
DVD and Blu-ray drives with writing capabilitiesMost computers these days come with a Blu-ray drive or a DVD (Digital Versatile Disk) drive with writing capabilities, with which you can burn such things as backup copies of important files to DVDs.CD drives are older and have mostly been replaced with DVD drives. CD drives can only burn data on CDs, which have a substantially smaller storage capacity, while DVD drives can burn data to both CDs and DVDs with more capacity (please see recording media for more information).
The display and display adapterMost computer displays are so-called LCD displays (Liquid Crystal Display), where the image display is produced by liquid crystals between two transparent sheets. Display sizes range between only a few inches in handheld apparatuses to large 24 inch desktop displays.One of the most important features of the display is its resolution, i.e. how many pixels (picture elements) the image consists of. A normal 22 to 24-inch widescreen display usually has 1920 pixels horizontally and 1080 pixels vertically (1920×1080). These displays can reproduceFullHD (full high definition) image.No matter what the type of display is, the computer must contain a so-called display adapter that allows you to attach the display to the computer and controls the display image. Practically all motherboards come equipped with a display adapter, so you do not need to buy one separately, unless you want to enhance the capabilities of your desktop computer e.g. for gaming, video editing, or 3D imaging purporses.
KeyboardA standard keyboard has 104 keys. The keys are divided into alphabetical (a-z), numerical (1-0) and special (Function, Ctrl, Alt etc keys).
The keyboard is used mainly for typing text into your computer. Like the keyboard on a typewriter, it has keys for letters and numbers, but it also has special keys:
The function keys, found on the top row, perform different functions depending on where they are used. The numeric keypad, located on the right side of most keyboards, allows you to enter numbers quickly. The navigation keys, such as the arrow keys, allow you to move your position within a document or webpage.
Pointing devices
Traditionally, most programs have been designed to be used with a mouse. The mouse cursor seen on the screen of the computer moves along with the mouse. The cursor can be used to select menu commands and areas, as well as activating different objects by clicking the mouse keys.
Mouse
You can attach a traditional mouse with or without a cord to any computer. Cordless mice use radio waves to relay movement from the mouse to the computer (for this mouse, a small radio receiver is attached to the computer).
Touchpad
Almost all laptop computers have a touchpad which is used to move the cursor. Some models also have a so-called pointing stick. In addition, portable computers have keys with the clicking function of a mouse. The touchpad is a pad where you can control the cursor by moving your finger along the pad. Tapping the pad serves the same function as clicking a mouse.
Pointing stick
The pointing stick is a ‘nub’ located in the middle of the keyboard, and controls the cursor. The pointing stick can be ‘clicked’ by tapping the stick or using the separate buttons in the keyboard. In the image above, you can see a portable computer with both a pointing stick (blue) and a touchpad (the large, dark grey area in front of the keyboard).
Touchscreen
Devices that are smaller than a laptop, such as phones and tablets, usually do not have a separate keyboard or pointer device. In these devices, the entire screen of the device works as an input device. A touchscreen is used like the track pad on a laptop, and when typing is required, a keyboard appears on the screen.
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