Read the text and do the tasksCogenerationCogeneration or combined heat and power (CHP) is the use of a heat engine or power
station to simultaneously generate electricity and useful heat. Trigeneration or combined
cooling, heat and power (CCHP) refers to the simultaneous generation of electricity and
useful heating and cooling from the combustion of a fuel or a solar heat collector. A plant
producing electricity, heat and cold is called a trigeneration or polygeneration plant.
Cogeneration is a thermodynamically efficient use of fuel. In separate production of
electricity, some energy is lost as waste heat, but in cogeneration this thermal energy is put to
use. All thermal power plants emit heat during electricity generation, which can be released
into the natural environment through cooling towers, flue gas, or by other means. In contrast,
CHP captures some or all of the by-product for heating, either very close to the plant, or -
especially in Scandinavia and Eastern Europe—as hot water for district heating with
temperatures ranging from approximately 80 to 130 °C. This is also called combined heat
and power district heating (CHPDH). Small CHP plants are an example of decentralized energy. By-product heat at moderate temperatures (100–180 °C, 212–356 °F) can also be
used in absorption refrigerators for cooling. The supply of high-temperature heat first drives a gas or steam turbine-powered
generator and the resulting low-temperature waste heat is then used for water or space
heating as described in cogeneration. At smaller scales (typically below 1 MW) a gas engine
or diesel engine may be used. Trigeneration differs from cogeneration in that the waste heat
is used for both heating and cooling, typically in an absorption refrigerator. CCHP systems
can attain higher overall efficiencies than cogeneration or traditional power plants. In the
United States, the application of trigeneration in buildings is called building cooling, heating
and power (BCHP). Heating and cooling output may operate concurrently or alternately
depending on need and system construction. Cogeneration was practiced in some of the earliest installations of electrical generation.
Before central stations distributed power, industries generating their own power used exhaust
steam for process heating. Large office and apartment buildings, hotels and stores commonly
generated their own power and used waste steam for building heat. Due to the high cost of
early purchased power, these CHP operations continued for many years after utility
electricity became available. The EU currently generates 11.2% of its electricity using cogeneration (Eurostat figures;
2011). However there are wide differences between member states, with varied shares of
cogeneration ranging from 0% to 47.4%. According to official Eurostat figures from 2011,
there is no cogeneration in Malta, and very little in Cyprus (0.9%) or Greece (4.5%). Latvia
has the greatest share of cogeneration in total electricity generation (47.4%) followed by
Denmark (46.2%). Significant potential exists in new EU member states, particularly for
refurbishing district heating schemes and upgrading them to include modern cogeneration
where previously only heat was distributed. This is universally the case where a large district
heating infrastructure already exists.Match the phrases with the Russian translation