Read the article and
fill the gaps with one of the following sentences.In order for a
computer to function, it requires some kind of computer program or software.
The computer hardware provides the capability to perform computing-related
tasks. The software is the set of instructions that humans create to tell the
computer what to do. Modern computers and software are two different concepts,
but that wasn't always as apparent as it is now. Blank 1 Вопрос 1 This resulted in an open-source subculture where programmers freely shared the source code for their softwareSoftware design for this emerging class of computer is still in its infancyEarly forms of software were bundled with the computers that they were written forTransistor technology, in turn, evolved into integrated circuit technology and microprocessorsThe goal of her algorithm, which existed as a set of notesbringing the Internet to the masses The first mechanical computers, starting with Charles Babbage's Difference Engine in 1822Mobile computing took off in the 1980s with the Osbourne 1 portable computerinstead of binary digitsThe first computer capable of running software , were entirely
hardware-based and were programmed with switches and wires. Until the late
1940s, hardware and software were essentially the same things, and to reprogram
a computer meant to rewire it, either partially or entirely. Computers
themselves were not always ubiquitous like they are now. Originally, they were
very difficult to use, very large, and too expensive for anyone except governments
and universities to own.
Alan Turing
developed the first theory for computer software in an essay he wrote in 1935,
titled “Computable Numbers With an Application to the Entscheidungsproblem”.
The first software algorithm, however, was written for Babbage's Analytical
Engine in 1842 by the Countess of Lovelace, Augusta Ada King-Noel, also known
as Ada Lovelace. Blank 2 Вопрос 1 This resulted in an open-source subculture where programmers freely shared the source code for their softwareSoftware design for this emerging class of computer is still in its infancyEarly forms of software were bundled with the computers that they were written forTransistor technology, in turn, evolved into integrated circuit technology and microprocessorsThe goal of her algorithm, which existed as a set of notesbringing the Internet to the masses The first mechanical computers, starting with Charles Babbage's Difference Engine in 1822Mobile computing took off in the 1980s with the Osbourne 1 portable computerinstead of binary digitsThe first computer capable of running software , was to direct the Analytical Engine to calculate
Bernoulli numbers. Lovelace also speculated that the Analytical Engine could
perform tasks beyond the intent of its design. She stated in her notes that it
could carry out more general computing functions such as composing music.
In 1945, John von
Neumann described a digital computer design using an electronic processor with
an arithmetic logic component, processor and instruction registers, data
storage memory, a program counter, external data storage, and a means of
receiving input and outputting data. This concept became the blueprint for
modern programmable computers. Blank 3 Вопрос 1 This resulted in an open-source subculture where programmers freely shared the source code for their softwareSoftware design for this emerging class of computer is still in its infancyEarly forms of software were bundled with the computers that they were written forTransistor technology, in turn, evolved into integrated circuit technology and microprocessorsThe goal of her algorithm, which existed as a set of notesbringing the Internet to the masses The first mechanical computers, starting with Charles Babbage's Difference Engine in 1822Mobile computing took off in the 1980s with the Osbourne 1 portable computerinstead of binary digitsThe first computer capable of running software , or computer programs, was the Z3,
invented in 1941 by German civil engineer Konrad Zuse. The Colossus, first
designed in 1943, was another programmable computer, which the Allies used to
decrypt German military codes. The predecessor to the modern computer, however,
was the Manchester Baby, which fulfilled the standards of the von Neumann
architecture. It stored software code in memory and was a general-purpose
computer. The Manchester Baby, in turn, inspired the Ferranti Mark 1, which was
the first general-purpose computer available to the commercial world.
Up until the
1950s, vacuum tube-based computers dominated until they were replaced by fully
transistor-based computers, the first of which was the Harwell CADET, first
released in 1955. Blank 4 Вопрос 1 This resulted in an open-source subculture where programmers freely shared the source code for their softwareSoftware design for this emerging class of computer is still in its infancyEarly forms of software were bundled with the computers that they were written forTransistor technology, in turn, evolved into integrated circuit technology and microprocessorsThe goal of her algorithm, which existed as a set of notesbringing the Internet to the masses The first mechanical computers, starting with Charles Babbage's Difference Engine in 1822Mobile computing took off in the 1980s with the Osbourne 1 portable computerinstead of binary digitsThe first computer capable of running software , which shrank computer sizes and, as of the 1960s,
increased their computing power by orders of magnitude. Microcomputers came
into existence in the 1970s, and this ushered in the age of the personal
computer, which brought computers into homes. The first generation of personal
computers started with the Apple II, Commodore PET, and TRS-80, which were
followed much later by IBM's PC desktop system. Intel entered the consumer
market with IBM-compatible processors, giving rise to IBM PC 'clones'. These
clones typically came with a modular design that enabled consumers to add and
change components within the system. This upgradeable trait enabled
IBM-compatible PCs to rapidly achieve prominence in the home and business
computer market. At the same time, other desktop systems and workstations
arose, such as computers made by DEC, Sun, and SGI, mainly for use by
businesses. Blank 5 Вопрос 1 This resulted in an open-source subculture where programmers freely shared the source code for their softwareSoftware design for this emerging class of computer is still in its infancyEarly forms of software were bundled with the computers that they were written forTransistor technology, in turn, evolved into integrated circuit technology and microprocessorsThe goal of her algorithm, which existed as a set of notesbringing the Internet to the masses The first mechanical computers, starting with Charles Babbage's Difference Engine in 1822Mobile computing took off in the 1980s with the Osbourne 1 portable computerinstead of binary digitsThe first computer capable of running software , the predecessor to the modern laptop, followed by the IBM
Thinkpad tablet in 1992. Personal data assistants (PDAs) and smartphones
flourished in the early 2000s, making it possible for consumers to take
computers wherever they went.
Blank 6 Вопрос 1 This resulted in an open-source subculture where programmers freely shared the source code for their softwareSoftware design for this emerging class of computer is still in its infancyEarly forms of software were bundled with the computers that they were written forTransistor technology, in turn, evolved into integrated circuit technology and microprocessorsThe goal of her algorithm, which existed as a set of notesbringing the Internet to the masses The first mechanical computers, starting with Charles Babbage's Difference Engine in 1822Mobile computing took off in the 1980s with the Osbourne 1 portable computerinstead of binary digitsThe first computer capable of running software , meaning
that in order to get the software the customer wanted, they also had to buy the
hardware with it. The Supreme Court decision in the Digidyne v. Data General
case in 1985 effectively put an end to this, while the free software movement
arose in the same decade, led by pioneers such as Richard Stallman, founder of
the GNU Project. Blank 7 Вопрос 1 This resulted in an open-source subculture where programmers freely shared the source code for their softwareSoftware design for this emerging class of computer is still in its infancyEarly forms of software were bundled with the computers that they were written forTransistor technology, in turn, evolved into integrated circuit technology and microprocessorsThe goal of her algorithm, which existed as a set of notesbringing the Internet to the masses The first mechanical computers, starting with Charles Babbage's Difference Engine in 1822Mobile computing took off in the 1980s with the Osbourne 1 portable computerinstead of binary digitsThe first computer capable of running software , ensuring its propagation and use across a broad number
of different emerging and established computer systems. At the same time,
commercial software flourished in the form of operating systems, business and
scientific software, and games. Some of the most notable software that came
from the 1980s and 1990s includes the free and open-source Linux operating
system and the commercial Microsoft Windows family of operating systems. Web
browser software emerged in the 1990s, Blank 8 Вопрос 1 This resulted in an open-source subculture where programmers freely shared the source code for their softwareSoftware design for this emerging class of computer is still in its infancyEarly forms of software were bundled with the computers that they were written forTransistor technology, in turn, evolved into integrated circuit technology and microprocessorsThe goal of her algorithm, which existed as a set of notesbringing the Internet to the masses The first mechanical computers, starting with Charles Babbage's Difference Engine in 1822Mobile computing took off in the 1980s with the Osbourne 1 portable computerinstead of binary digitsThe first computer capable of running software , and video games had a renaissance
on home computers. In the 2000s, operating systems such as Apple iOS and Google
Android flourished for mobile devices, and programs known as apps became commonplace.
Computers and
software are still evolving. Scientists are currently working on quantum
computers that use quantum bits, or qubits, Blank 9 Вопрос 1 This resulted in an open-source subculture where programmers freely shared the source code for their softwareSoftware design for this emerging class of computer is still in its infancyEarly forms of software were bundled with the computers that they were written forTransistor technology, in turn, evolved into integrated circuit technology and microprocessorsThe goal of her algorithm, which existed as a set of notesbringing the Internet to the masses The first mechanical computers, starting with Charles Babbage's Difference Engine in 1822Mobile computing took off in the 1980s with the Osbourne 1 portable computerinstead of binary digitsThe first computer capable of running software . These computers may be
capable of running millions of times faster than computers of today. Blank 10 Вопрос 1 This resulted in an open-source subculture where programmers freely shared the source code for their softwareSoftware design for this emerging class of computer is still in its infancyEarly forms of software were bundled with the computers that they were written forTransistor technology, in turn, evolved into integrated circuit technology and microprocessorsThe goal of her algorithm, which existed as a set of notesbringing the Internet to the masses The first mechanical computers, starting with Charles Babbage's Difference Engine in 1822Mobile computing took off in the 1980s with the Osbourne 1 portable computerinstead of binary digitsThe first computer capable of running software ,
and it relies on principles of quantum physics that are difficult to explain to
the masses. Companies like IBM and Microsoft, however, are already working to
make quantum computer software development possible for mainstream users.