Прочитайте текст и отметьте следующие утверждения как T (true), т.е. верные, если они соответствуют содержанию текста и F (false), т.е. неверные, если они не соответствуют содержанию текста.Two types of software
instruct a computer to perform its tasks – system software and applications
software. System software is a permanent component of the computer that controls
its fundamental functions. Different kinds of applications software are loaded
into the computer as needed to perform specific tasks for the user, such as
word processing. Applications software requires the functions provided by the
systems software.
Modern operating systems
provide a graphical user interface (GUI) to make the applications software
easier to use. A GUI allows a computer user to work directly with an application
program by manipulating text and graphics on the monitor screen through the
keyboard and pointing device such as a mouse rather than solely through typing
instructions on command lines. The Apple Computer company’s Macintosh computer,
introduced in the mid-1980s, had the first commercially successful GUI-based software.
Another example of
systems software is a database system. A database system works with the file
system and includes programs that allow multiple users to access the files
concurrently. Computers that use disk memory-storage systems are said to have
disk operating systems (DOS). A disk operating system is a computer operating
system that resides on and can use a disk storage device, such as a floppy
disk, hard disk drive, or optical disk. A disk operating system must provide a
file system for organizing, reading, and writing files on the storage disk.
Strictly speaking, this definition does not include any other functionality, it
does not apply to more complex OSs, such as current generations of PC operating
systems like versions of Microsoft Windows in use, and is more appropriately
used only for older generations of operating system s. Disk operating system s
were available for mainframes, minicomputers, microprocessors and home
computers and were usually loaded from the disks themselves as part of the boot
process. Popular operating systems for PCs MS-DOS and Windows were developed by
the Microsoft Corporation in the early 1980s and 1990s, respectively.
Workstations, servers and mainframe computers often use the Unix OS originally
designed by Bell Laboratories in the late 1960s. A version of Unix called Linux
gained popularity in the late 1990s for PCs.
Software is written by
professionals known as computer programmers. Most programmers in large
corporations work in teams, with each person focusing on a specific aspect of
the total project. Computer programs consist of data structures and algorithms.
Data structures represent the information that the program processes. Algorithms
are the sequences of steps that a program follows to process the information.
For example, a payroll application program has data structures that represent
personnel information, including each employee’s hours worked and pay rate. The
program’s algorithms include instructions on how to compute each employee’s pay
and how to print out the paychecks.
Generally, programmers
create software by using the following development process:
1) Understand the
software’s requirements, which is a description of what the software is
supposed to do. Requirements are usually written not by programmers but by the
people who are in close contact with the future customers or users of the
software.
2) Create the software’s
specifications, a detailed description of the required tasks and how the
programs will instruct the computer to perform those tasks. The software
specifications often contain diagrams known as flowcharts that show the various
modules, or parts, of the programs, the order of the computer’s actions, and
the data flow among the modules.
3) Write the code – the
program instructions encoded in a particular programming language.
4) Test the software to
see if it works according to the specifications and possibly submit the program
for alpha testing, in which other individuals within the company independently
test the program.
5) Debug the program to
eliminate programming mistakes, which are commonly called bugs.
6) Submit the program
for beta testing, in which users test the program extensively under real-life
conditions to see whether it performs correctly.
7) Release the product
for use or for sale after it has passed all its tests and has been verified to
meet all its requirements.
These steps rarely
proceed in a linear fashion. Programmers often go back and forth between steps
3, 4 and 5. If the software fails its alpha or beta testing, the programmers
will have to go back to an earlier step. Often the most difficult step in
program development is the debugging stage. A program is considered to have
bugs if it is slower or less efficient than it should be.

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