Without doubt the most influential system of
classification was that devised by Aristotle in the 4th century BC, which was
based on his analysis of the 158 Greek city states then in existence. This
system dominated thinking on the subject for roughly the next 2500 years.
Aristotle held that governments could be categorized on the basis of two
questions: "who rules?” and "who benefits from rule?”. Governments, he
believed, could be placed in the hands of a single individual, a small group,
or the many. In each case, however, government could be conducted either in
selfish interests of the rulers or for the benefit of the entire community.
Aristotle's purpose was to evaluate forms of government on normative grounds in
the hope of identifying the "ideal” constitution. In his view, tyranny,
oligarchy and democracy were all debased or perverted forms of rule in which a
single person, a small group and the masses, respectively, governed in their
own interests and therefore at the expense of others. In contrast, monarchy,
aristocracy and polity were to be preferred, because in these forms of
government the individual, a small group and the masses, respectively, governed
in the interests of all. Aristotle declared tyranny to be the worst of all
possible constitutions, as it reduced citizens to the status of slaves.
Monarchy and aristocracy were, on the other hand, impartial, because they were
based on Godlike willingness to place the good of the community before the
ruler's own interests. Polity (rule by the many in the interests of all) was
accepted as the most practicable of constitutions. Nevertheless, in a tradition
that endured through the 20th century, Aristotle criticized popular rule on the
grounds that the masses would resent the wealth of the few, and too easily fall
under the sway of a demagogue. He therefore advocated a "mixed” constitution
that combined elements of both democracy and oligarchy, and left the government
in the hands of the "middle classes”, those who were neither rich nor poor.После написания перевода сделайте цифровую копию всех листов с текстом перевода для чего Вы можете использовать сканер либо телефон со встроенной камерой. Обращаем Ваше внимание что цифровая копия должна быть хорошо читаемой (в высоком разрешении, в фокусе, оптимальной контрастности). Цифровую копию в формате изображения либо PDF-файла назовите вашей фамилией (если получилось несколько файлов, то фамилия1, фамилия2 и т.д. Например: Иванов1, Иванов2) и вложите в специальное поле "Для загрузки файлов перетащите их сюда".