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Still more difficult than measuring
inflation is the problem of identifying its causes. In spite of its long
and rich history, few subjects in the field of economics are more confused.
Professional economists have not reached agreement as to the origins of the
inflation process. Two camps dominate the debate. Some see inflation as a
malady of the currency. In the words of Milton Friedman, "Inflation is
always and everywhere a monetary problem." Others see non-monetary forces
at work, such as monopolies, union demands for higher wages, or the wage-price
policy. Non-monetary theories of inflation traditionally
separate "demand-pull" factors from "cost-push" factors
like oil, monopoly power, or wages. A surge in the demand for goods and
services in general (aggregate demand) is thought to "pull" prices up
across the board, especially when aggregate supply10 is held back by inertia or
capacity limitations. Skeptics rightly question how demand could
constantly outstrip supply. Surely, demand must originate from purchasing
power, purchasing power from wealth, wealth from income, and income from the
ability to produce goods and services.