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Legal education in the United States was primarily achieved through apprenticeship training and self-study until the end of 18th century. The work of a student was conducted under the supervision of the practicing lawyer who instructed the student both about legal doctrine and legal skills necessary to become a lawyer. The pupil would also engage in self-study, often copying portions of legal treatises and making extensive notes.
Legal education in the USA is rather complex consisting of some important stages. The period of 4 years is spent for undergraduate program and receiving a Bachelor of Arts (B.A.) or a Bachelor of Science (B.S.) degree, followed by the graduate Juris Doctor (JD) law degree, which usually takes one year less. Law is not offered at the undergraduate level. Students read law only at law schools.
Law students need to develop the three basic skills: communication skills both written and spoken; research skills; and especially analytical thinking skills. These abilities can be developed by social sciences, history, economics, humanities, and engineering.
In addition to obtaining a bachelor’s degree, most students are required to take the Law School Admission Test (LSAT) and score on the test at the level desired by the admitting institution. The test consists of five 35-minute sections of multiple-choice questions. The test includes such sections as reading comprehension section, analytical reasoning section, two logical reasoning sections, and an essay writing section.
A successful applicant becomes a happy student of law school. During the first year of law school the students usually take major courses such as Constitutional law, Contract law, Property law, Torts, Civil Procedure and Legal Writing. The students are taught to work with documents just the way a lawyer usually does. They attend the library, write legal memoranda, draft documents, and prepare briefs. Under the supervision of experienced lawyers and judges students participate in the school’s mock trials, in which the skills of argumentation are developed. Students are also engaged in legal clinic activities.
By studying legal doctrine, law students learn both the law that appears in statutes and the common law as developed through court decisions or judgments. By studying legal theory, students learn about the nature of law and approaches that are used by courts to interpret statutes as well as to develop the common law.
A special clinical semester is aimed at gaining practical experience by young lawyers. Students develop their lawyering skills working with real clients. For upper-level students the courses are mainly optional. Having obtained Juris Doctor Degree, a student cannot practice law. He must be licensed or admitted to the Bar. To be admitted to the Bar one has to pass a written Bar Examination.