Use this approach when matching headings:
Read the headings so that you are familiar with them.Skim
read the whole passage to get the overall meaning.Read the first paragraph and decide which headings might fit.Re-read the paragraph and choose the heading that best summarises it.Repeat steps 3
and 4 for the remaining paragraphs.
List of headingsi The future of urban planning in Americaii Conflicting ideas through the history of urban planningiii Urban planning has a long and varied historyiv Financial problems helped spread an urban planning conceptv The background to one particular planned communityvi Political change obstructs progress in urban planningvii An urban plan to reduce traffic
Planned communities: garden cities
A The notion of planning entire communities
prior to their construction is an ancient one. In fact, one of the earliest such cities on record is Miletus,
Greece, which was built in the 4th century BC. Throughout the Middle Ages and the Renaissance, various planned communities
(both theoretical and actual) were conceived. Leonardo da Vinci designed several cities that were never
constructed. Following the Great Fire of London in 1666, the architect Christopher Wren created a new master plan for the
city, incorporating park land and urban space. Several 18th-century cities, including Washington D.C., New
York City, and St Petersburg, Russia, were built according to comprehensive planning.
B One of the most important planned city
concepts, the Garden City Movement, arose in the latter part of the 19th century as a reaction to the pollution and
crowding of the Industrial Revolution. In 1898, Ebenezer Howard published the book To-Morrow: A Peaceful Path to Real Reform in which he laid out
his ideas concerning the creation of new economically viable towns.
Howard believed that these towns should be limited in size and density, and surrounded with a belt of
undeveloped land. The idea gained enough attention and financial backing to lead to
the creation of Letchworth, in Hertfordshire, England. This was the first such
'Garden City'. After the First World War, the second town built following Howard's ideas,
Welwyn Garden City, was constructed.
C In the early 1920s,
American architects Clarence Stein and Henry Wright, inspired by Howard's ideas
and the success of
Letchworth and Welwyn, created the city of Radburn, New Jersey. Conceived as a
community which would
be safe for children, Radburn was intentionally designed so that the residents
would not require automobiles. Several urban planning designs were pioneered at
Radburn that would influence later planned communities, including
the separation of pedestrians and vehicles, and the use of 'superblocks‘, each
of which shared 23 acres of commonly held parkland.
D In America, following the stock market crash of
1929, there was great demand for both affordable housing and employment for workers who had lost their jobs. In direct response to
this, in 1935 President Roosevelt created the Resettlement Administration, which brought about a total of three
greenbelt towns: Greenbelt, Maryland; Greenhills, Ohio; and Greendale, Wisconsin. These towns contained many of the
elements of the Garden City Movement developments,
including the use of superblocks and a 'green belt' of undeveloped land
surrounding the community.Match the headings to the paragraphs of the Passage above:
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